Lecture By IIT Khadakpur Prof. on Process Management - 1

CRT color Monitor

How Laser Printer Works

OPERATING SYSTEM INTRODUCTION

COMPUTER GENERATION & TYPES OF COMPUTER ( in Hindi)

Apple’s CEOs from 1977 to 2011

       Apple Inc., formerly Apple Computer, Inc., is an American multinational corporation headquartered in Cupertino,California that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, and personal computers. Its best-known hardware products are the Mac line of computers, the iPod, the iPhone, and the iPad. Its software includes the OS X and iOS operating systems, the iTunes media browser, theSafari web browser, and the iLife and iWork creativity and production suites.

          The company was founded on April 1, 1976, and incorporated as Apple Computer, Inc. on January 3, 1977. The word "Computer" was removed from its name on January 9, 2007, reflecting its shifted focus towards consumer electronics after the introduction of the iPhone.

         Apple has been the world's second-largest information technology companies by revenue after Samsung Electronics. It is the world's third-largest mobile phone maker after Samsung and Nokia. Fortune magazine named Apple the most admired company in the United States in 2008, and in the world from 2008 to 2012.

        Apple was established on April 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne to sell the Apple I personal computer kit. The kits were hand-built by Wozniak.The Apple I was sold as a motherboard (with CPU, RAM, and basic textual-video chips), which is less than what is today considered a complete personal computer. The Apple I went on sale in July 1976 and was market-priced at $666.66

1977 to 1981 – Michael Scott

Michael Scott came to Apple from National Semiconductor after being persuaded by Apple’s third employee Mike Markkula (more on him later) to take the position as the company’s first CEO as both Steve Jobs and Steve Woziak were seen to be too inexperienced for the role.

Scott was reportedly behind a ban on typewriters at Apple, fired 40 Apple employees and is quoted as saying (shortly after firing half the Apple II team):

“I used to say that when being CEO at Apple wasn’t fun anymore, I’d quit. But now I’ve changed my mind — when it isn’t fun any more, I’ll fire people until it’s fun again.”

1981 to 1983 – Mike Markkula

Mike Markkula became an investor in Apple – providing it with $250,000 ($80,000 as an equity investment in the company and $170,000 as a loan) – also becoming its third employee in 1977.

As CEO, he helped to market the first two Apple computers, providing the company with credit and venture capital. He originally said that he would remain at Apple for four years but stayed longer, serving as chairman from 1985 until 1997, when a new board was formed after Jobs returned to the company.

Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak reportedly credits Markkula for the success of Apple more than himself, despite the fact Wozniak single-handedly built the company’s first two computers.

In 1985 Markkula took sided with other Apple execs to have Steve Jobs ousted from the company.

1983 to 1993 – John Sculley

A former PepsiCo CEO, John Sculley was brought to Apple to use his marketing skills to help the company sell computers.

Sculley is well-known for his disagreements with Steve Jobs, who in 1985 began to lose control of his teams, leading Sculley and other top executives to strip him of all operational responsibilities.

However his strategy as CEO saw Apple incur in high engineering, manufacturing, and marketing costs, with its products causing market confusion. He led the company to utilise PowerPC chips, later admitting he should have gone with the more popular Intel processors at the time.

unfortunately for Sculley, Condé Nast Portfolio ranked Sculley as the 14th worst American CEO of all time.

1993 to 1996 – Michael Spindler

Nicknamed “The Diesel”, Michael Spindler worked his way up through the ranks in Apple’s European operations, becoming Apple Europe’s President, replacing John Sculley as CEO in 1993.

Spindler is credited with the failure of the Newton and the Copland operating system, but also reported to have led takeover discussions with IBM, Sun and Philips, before his replacement in 1996.

1996 to 1997 – Gil Amelio

Gil Amelio was the CEO of National Semiconductor before joining Apple in 1996, despite already being on the company’s Board of Directors.

Amelio helped to overturn the company’s low quality products and introduced Mac OS 8, buying Steve Jobs’ NeXT for $429 million. Within a year, Apple’s stock slumped to a 12 year low, leading to Amelio losing his job, after Steve Jobs convinced directors to cut the CEO.

1997 to 2011 (with exceptions) – Steve Jobs

Named as the interim CEO of Apple in 1997, Jobs’ main aim was to make the company profitable again. He cut numerous projects, leading staff to fear being in an isolated location with him for fear of being fired.

The new CEO helped create Mac OS X, introducing the iMac and other new products before he took the official position as CEO in 2000.

Jobs was behind the iPod, the release of the iTunes music service and the iPhone. Not satisfied with innovating the mobile phone, Jobs helped create the iPad tablet and began making the Mac brand of computers sleeker, sexier and smaller.

Jobs announced his retirement on August 24 2011, stating that he believed he was unable to fulfil the role that was expected of him.

2011 – Present : Tim Cook

Taking over from Steve Jobs as of today, Tim Cook is known for being a calm, collected and quiet man, quite unlike the very animated style of his predecessor. Although his work style is fairly intensive to the point that he is often described as a “workaholic”.

This is not the first time that Cook has served as Apple CEO, having stepped into the breach during recent times that Steve Jobs has taken medical leave.

• In 2004 Cook deputised for two months while Jobs recovered from pancreatic cancer surgery
• In 2009 Cook picked up the company reigns for several months while Jobs underwent a liver transplant.

NET Question papers download link

Check this: http://examrace.com/UGCpaper.aspx

Link for Inter Process synchronization and communication

Please check this link : https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Ofx0iLnVqHEJ:vedyadhara.ignou.ac.in/wiki/images/4/42/Media-B1U3mcs041.pdf+need+for+inter+process+synchronization&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjG3st6o0L-OOhgXh-jluJXvTNl97Yz91UtzjRvwpGduBO7Im93kIT3CfKljP5WYpr-erFysO2nlnA8dTqWrMRcmq7yOcuN6IG9DVsHZNmCOmwFqLfzEApKkIAScxu0Z9q-Mfp2&sig=AHIEtbRfSHbrBojm7IpwdzDaJMWmq_hRZA

Quantitative aptitude

http://questions.ascenteducation.com/iim_cat_mba_free_sample_questions_math_quant/ratio_proportion_variation/

Memory management link

https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:8GyUE9vCnLcJ:www.arl.wustl.edu/~fredk/Courses/cs422/sp02/Lectures/mem.ppt+memory+management+in+operating+system+ppt&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjEMInoLBhBt2BLFKjLtLxUclPm7HQZoYl2lQSSLcGhkexG1lC95Z6QcdbzysA8Er_s8KYefIyrAeITCeqWKVXvtDmiPb8d7zIdRNCTOJscHzAR9yb3pm1kNjt-sAHetjyUDaqf&sig=AHIEtbTMEauv4_EYptKGcQaGlJOaDkuU7A

RBI

http://www.scribd.com/doc/6405404/RBI

Link To Computer Devices Notes :

Link To Key Borad :http://www.seoconsultants.com/windows/keyboard/

Link To Online MBA

Link TO Wales University,
Online MBA http://www.wales.ac.uk/en/Home.aspx

http://www.rdi.co.uk/

University of Wales .. is listed in top 40th university

rdi is representing Wales

http://www.stafford.ae/ are there agent in Middle east

http://www.wales.ac.uk/en/InstitutionsAndCourses/ResourceDevelopmentInternational(Rdi)/ResourceDevelopmentInternational(Rdi).aspx

Disadvantages of Using FRAME TAG in HTML

Frames are Not "Search Engine Friendly"
Most (if not all) search engines are unable to index frames-based websites properly. Because frames are made up of multiple pages, only one frame is indexed at a time. It's not indexed within context of the other frames. This often means that, when someone finds your website via a search engine, your website looks wrong.

Frames are Not "URL Friendly"

With frames based websites, all pages share the same URL. For example, if your homepage is located at 'yoursite.com', when you click through to other pages on your website, the URL won't change.

This causes problems if someone tries to bookmark a page. If they click through to a subsequent page they find useful, they might want to bookmark it. Problem is, instead of bookmarking say, 'yoursite.com/about_us.html', they would be bookmarking 'yoursite.com' - the homepage!

Frames are Not as Accessible

Although most modern browsers support frames-based websites, not all do. It is for this reason that you should always implement a 'noframes' version of your website for user agents who are unable to view the frames-based version.

Disadvantages of Using Frames
Disadvantages(Cons) of using Frames :
1. One of the main disadvantage of frames is search engines will not deal with them properly. i.e, search engines (including most popular ones) will not index pages containing frames as its hard for them to search for a specific content and move backwards to check to which frameset each page belongs to and retrieve all the pages in the frameset.

2. Its hard to navigate through pages in frames when we have more than two or three frames.

3. Its difficult to print the content of all frames when compared to a normal web page.

4.. Some browsers doesn't support frames, so we need to place the content seperately for the people who doesn't have frames using noframes tags

5. We cannot bookmark individual pages using browser's Favourites Menu.

THE BROKERAGE MODEL

Whether a company sells products or services to consumers, other businesses, or both, there are many different ways to approach the marketplace and make a profit. Business models, of which the brokerage model is simply one, are used to describe how companies go about this process. They spell out the main ways in which companies make profits by identifying a company's role during commerce and describing how products, information, and other important elements are structured. Just as there are many different industries and types of companies, there are many different kinds of business models. While some are simple, others are very complex. Even within the same industry, companies may rely on business models that are very different from one another, and some companies may use a combination of several different models.

One Internet business model is the brokerage model. At the heart of this model are third parties known as brokers, who bring sellers and buyers of products and services together to engage in transactions. Normally, the broker charges a fee to at least one party involved in a transaction. While many brokers are involved in connecting consumers with retailers, they also may connect businesses with other businesses or consumers with other consumers. A wide variety of different scenarios or business configurations fall under the banner of a brokerage model. These include everything from Web sites posting simple online classified ads and Internet shopping malls (Web sites that sell products from a variety of different companies) to online marketplaces, online auctions, aggregators, and shopping bots.

Community Model

The community model is a method of developing an online presence in which several individuals or groups are encouraged to join and participate in ongoing interaction designed around a common purpose. Web communities, or virtual communities, were not only a way for like-minded people to come together online, they also were an increasingly important element of business plans.
the community model comes in two basic varieties: those centered on relationships and those centered on tasks. The former typically are informal, grassroots-oriented communities that revolve around shared interests, ideas, topics, and goals. In these communities, the development of relationships is the primary goal. To maximize member involvement, community sites must offer maximum degrees of interactivity and personalization. For example, GeoCities offers space and tools for members to set up their own Web sites and establish virtual communities within the broader GeoCities community. Task-centered communities generally are more structured and impersonal. The relationships established or augmented online are a means to a mutual end, such as enhanced profits. More specifically, Web communities are established between business partners, between businesses and their customers, between different groups of customers, within companies, and between individuals and groups devoted to particular topics.

In business-to-business (B2B) relationships, the community model provides all community members with the ability to share and check electronic invoices, communicate and exchange funds on secured networks, and resolve problems quickly and openly. Internet communities offer exceptionally streamlined workflow processes between and within companies, where the functionality of key tasks is integrated and synthesized. This necessitates less personnel, paperwork, and software, and boosts efficiency, thereby minimizing operating costs and enhancing profit margins.

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COMPARISON ROUTER AND SWITCH

Router	Switch
Basically, a router is used to connect computers belonging to one network with those belonging to another or other networks. Thus, a router connects two or more different networks.	A switch on the other hand, connects different computers within one network.
As per the OSI model, a router is a Network Layer device, i.e. it operates at Layer 3.	Unless it is a multi-layer switch, a network switch operates at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer).
Routers are much more sophisticated and intelligent network devices, as compared to switches.	In comparison with routers, switches are less sophisticated and less intelligent.
A router works on the principle of IP addresses.	A switch works on the basis of MAC addresses.
A router's inbuilt hardware makes use of routing algorithms to compute the best possible path for routing data packets across different computer networks.	A switch does not perform any such activities.
Routers have their own inbuilt operating systems and they need to be configured before use.	Most switches do not require any prior configuration and are usually 'ready-to-use'.

COMPARISION BETWEEN SWITCH AND HUB

Switch	Hub
As per the OSI model, network switches are classified as Data Link Layer devices, i.e. they operate at Layer 2. However, certain multi-layer switches can operate at higher layers as well.	As per the OSI model, a hub is a Physical Layer device, i.e. it operates at Layer 1.
A switch is a more sophisticated network device and is more expensive than a hub.	A hub is a very primitive device and is comparatively much cheaper.
A switch is an intelligent device, it transmits the data packets from the source computer to only those network computers to which the data packets are originally intended.	A hub is a 'dumb' device to say the least. It broadcasts the data packets to each and every networked computer, and not just the target computer or set of computers to which the data packets were originally intended to be sent.
There is optimum utilization of network bandwidth in case of switches, and bandwidth wastage is minimal.	Due to their broadcast mechanism of data transmission, there is unnecessary wastage of network bandwidth which results in slow operation and data transfer speeds.
Switches are full-duplex devices, i.e. both, data transmission and reception can take place simultaneously.	Hubs are half-duplex devices, i.e. both, data transmission and reception cannot take place simultaneously.
Network security is much better with the use of a switch, as compared to a hub.	Thanks to its broadcast mechanism, network security becomes a big issue and a loophole in the case of a hub.

how to write Project

http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2545770/How-to-write-up-a-project/